Meanwhile, visiting sites of death and disaster has developed into a worldwide phenomenon. Dark tourism consumption a call for research there is an increasing plethora of sites associated with death, tragedy or the macabre that have become significant tourist attractions. Attempts to reopen country to visitors have been met with criticism from some locals. Thus it is suggested that the dimensions of dark tourism consumption have not been extracted or interrogated only assumed. This study examines content of dark tourism websites in the us. The concept of traveling or pilgrimaging to these memorial sites, then can be considered one of the earliest forms of dark tourism stone 1567.
Towards a typology of death and macabre, authorphilip stone, year 2006 philip stone. The purpose of this paper is to develop a typology of dark tourists through an investigation of peoples motivations to visit burial grounds. As dark tourism may be typified by conceptual shades, then so too can different kinds of memory. Dark tourism, understood as the type of tourism that involves a visit to real or recreated places associated with death, suffering, misfortune, or the seemingly macabre, is not a new concept, even from a touristic point of view.
Auschwitz functioned until 27 january 1945, when the last prisoners were liberated. This is especially the case with regards to consumption and its implications for understanding the dark tourist. Many of the dark tourism definitions are limited and apply solely to places of death and grief. It also displays how these two terms can be combined at tourism destinations. Despite the long history and increasing contemporary evidence of. Theres nothing inherently wrong with visiting chernobyls fallout zone or other sites of past tragedy. It belongs to a category of the socalled roots tourism usually across parts of central europe, or more generally, the western. Progress in dark tourism and thanatourism research.
Stone a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements of the degree of doctor of philosophy at the university of central lancashire october 2010. Developing dark tourism by will blommer dark tourism. Dark tourism, world heritage and hiroshima mick broderick. The case of fritzl offers a fascinating and recent case to go more indepth into the motivations of dark tourists. Article submissions are invited for current issues in dark tourism research.
Pdf dark tourism as a type of special interest tourism. Tourists perception of dark tourism and its impact on. Retrieved marco 17, 20, from global scholarship hub. Lancashire business school, department of tourism and leisure management, university of central lancashire, preston, uk. Dark tourism as a type of special interest tourism. This visual essay seeks to explore the relationship between the hiroshima peace park as a site of mass human suffering and the debates concerning representation, commemoration and place. However, despite a growing body of literature on the representation and tourist experience of deathscapes within the visitor economy, dark tourism as a field of. As a result, the term dark tourism has entered academic discourse. The scientific relevance of this research question lies in the fact that the subject of dark tourism is relatively new within the academic field.
More recently, it was suggested that the concept should also include reasons tourists visit that site, since the sites attributes alone may not make a visitor a dark tourist. International journal of culture, tourism and hospitality research 7. Holocaust tourism is roundtrip travel to destinations connected with the extermination of jews during the holocaust in world war ii, including visits to sites of jewish martyrology such as former nazi death camps and concentration camps turned into state museums. The purpose is to position the dark tourism sites on stones spectrum and identify the type of authenticity promoted by different. As a result, the rather emotive label of dark tourism has entered academic discourse and. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the papers in this special issue of ijcthr on dark tourism. Nevertheless, perspectives on and understanding of dark tourism remain varied and theoretically fragile whilst, to date, no single book has attempted to draw together the conceptual themes and debates surrounding dark tourism, to explore it within wider disciplinary contexts and to. Tourists motivations for engaging in dark tourism modul. Specifically, the roles of the key marketing factors of awareness and message appeal are studied and applied to dark tourism. The most influential typology is the spectrum of dark tourism supply stone, 2006.
Concern over rise in dark tourism in syria as war enters ninth year. Founded in 2012 and based at the university of central lancashire uclan, england, the idtr largely contributes to scientific research on dark tourism while offering guidance to industry practitioners and collaborating with the media. This positions sites of death and suffering termed the darkest form of dark. Until now dark tourism has been seen as a niche market, but there is potential for improving this kind of tourism. The attraction of death and disaster article pdf available in annals of tourism research 294. Auschwitz, site of concentration campdeath camp, near krakow, poland now over 1. Authors who would like to contribute to current issues in dark tourism research are invited to submit applied or conceptual research articles or notes in the broad subject of dark tourism by emailing us.
That is, the literature focuses primarily on the supply of dark tourism. Beside the matter of death, interest in culture, history or simply the desire for entertainment are possible reasons why millions of people are visiting places of dark tourism stone, 2006. The types of sites are broad, and the motivations are broader, but this paper reaches past the current understandings in the field in an attempt to apply marketing knowledge to the unique dark tourism industry. The term dark tourism applies to the increasingly popular pursuit of visiting sites where people have suffered or died in tragic circumstances. Many people wish to experience the reality behind the media images, or are prompted to find out more by a personal association with. Over the last decade, the concept of dark tourism has attracted growing academic interest and media attention. Dark tourism and the kitschification of 911 tracey. The theory and practice of dark tourism, 2338, 2009. Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions, tourism 542. Dark tourism, affect, affective atmosphere, emotion. According to the quantitative survey in the house of terror, the strongest motivat.
Stone 2006 has offered a useful typology of dark sites offering a literal spectrum of death sites and other macabre locations. In so doing, it proposes a model of dark tourism consumption within a. Death, dying and dark tourism in contemporary society. View impact of dark tourism research papers on academia. An interdisciplinary international journal 2006 philip stone, dr, university of central lancashire. But the demand for dark tourism spots is versatile. Dark tourism is a special type of tourism business which doesnt appeal to everyone but has an important role in delivering information and bringing the past to present. Tarlow, 2005 or as a more precise term for dark tourism stone, 2006. The study included analysis of the definition of dark tourism, tourist motivations for this type of tourism, stone s typology of dark destination offers, and a portion is devoted to the role of dark tourism in contemporary society. While disturbing death may haunt contemporary imaginations, the act of remembrance and memorialisation allows darker dark tourism to occur stone, 2006. The empirical data was collected using qualitative methods, primarily meansend chain mec analysis was employed.
Dark tourism and thanatourism were first proposed to an academic audience in 1996 in a themed edition of the international. A thanatological perspective philip stone richard sharpley university of central lancashire, uk abstract. Dark tourism also black tourism, morbid tourism or grief tourism has been defined as tourism involving travel to places historically associated with death and tragedy. Thus the christian pilgrimage to the sight where jesus christ was crucified can be brought into this context robinson and dale 2009. Dark tourism the guide to dark travel destinations around the world. Philip stone is the executive director of the institute for dark tourism research. Deaths, disasters and atrocities in touristic form are becoming an. Less attention, however, has been paid to the consumption of dark touristic. This research extends stones dark tourism spectrum and seven dark suppliers framework by identifying nine types of dark tourists. Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions deaths, disasters and atrocities in touristic form are becoming an increasingly pervasive feature within the contemporary tourism landscape, and as such, are ever more providing. However, dark tourism literature is both eclectic and theoretically fragile.
Stone 2006 again highlights that in order to understand the phenomenon of dark tourism it is essential to derive and examine the motives of dark tourists. Dark tourism has been defined as the act of travel to sites associated with death, suffering and the seemingly macabre stone, 2006. In addition, stone 2006 typifies seven diverse products enrooted in the curiosity of death which transmit a set of different messages to society. Purpose commonly referred to as dark tourism or thanatourism, the act of touristic travel to sites of or sites associated with death and disaster has gained significant attention with media imaginations and academic scholarship.
The term dark tourism was coined by foley and lennon in the mid 1990s. Their combined citations are counted only for the first article. Guided bus tours giving tourists the eligibility to enter and take photos of the aftermath of hurricane katrina in new orleans, wandering around the radioactive fields of chernobyl, visiting the concentration camp in auschwitzbirkenau and travelling to prisons such as alcatraz island freiremedeiros, 2008, p. To do so, we frame dark tourism within theories of affect and, in particular. In 2009, along with his colleague richard sharpley, philip stone. Pearl harboruss arizona memorial site, hawaii, usa ca. According to collinskreiner 2010, dark tourism refers to the dark experience, one that is subjective to the visitors perception. However, this kind of tourism already exists much longer. The purpose is to position the dark tourism sites on stone s spectrum and identify the type of authenticity promoted by different.
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